Nikon AF-S NIKKOR 400mm F/2.8E FL ED VR

This Nikon F prime makes distant subjects larger in the frame, and its full-frame coverage suits the system's matching bodies. It fits wildlife specialists and anyone photographing outdoor sport from a sideline. Introduced in 2014, it is an older model now.

The combination of 400mm and a maximum aperture of f/2.8 suits distant subjects in changing light. Its substantial body needs room in a bag and firm support during long sessions. The fixed focal length means you must plan positions for the framing you need.

It weighs 8 lb 6 oz (3800 g). The body runs 14.09 in (358 mm) long and 6.28 in (159.5 mm) wide. That weight makes a monopod or tripod the normal working base. There is no front filter thread, so a screw-in filter cannot attach directly.

The 400mm focal length makes distant subjects larger in the frame. It suits a bird across water or action beyond a sideline. How much of the frame a subject fills depends on its size and distance. Choose a position that leaves wildlife undisturbed and gives a clear view.

The f/2.8 maximum aperture is the other half of the appeal. It admits more light than a slower long lens, which helps keep shutter speeds up at dawn and dusk, when many animals are most active. It also helps soften a busy background behind your subject, giving wildlife and athletes more separation from their settings.

Closest focus is 8.5 ft (260 cm), measured from the sensor. Maximum magnification is 0.17x. These describe close-focus capability; they do not establish a suitable approach distance for wildlife. Watch the animal as you choose a position, and move back if your presence changes its behaviour.

The fixed focal length means you cannot widen the view with a zoom ring when a subject approaches. Plan positions for the likely action. If movement is restricted, consider whether this framing fits the event. A second camera or lens may be useful for subjects that come much nearer.

Vibration reduction helps counter camera shake. Small movements become more visible at this focal length, so stabilisation can help with handheld framing. It does not freeze a moving animal or athlete. Choose a suitable shutter speed for the subject and firm support for this heavy equipment.

Dust and moisture sealing protects the mechanism during long days in the field. A fluorine coating helps water and oil slide off the glass, so it cleans up more easily after spray or dust.

Together, these suit the kind of conditions a wildlife photographer meets through a full season. This lens scores 93/100 for features.

The optical design includes two ED glass elements and two fluorite elements. These materials help reduce chromatic aberration, where colours focus at different points and leave fringes along high-contrast edges. A bright bird against dark water or a white shirt against stadium seating can reveal this kind of fringing.

Focusing is internal, so the barrel keeps a constant length while focus changes.